How to Get a Scanner to Read More Than One Line

Optical machine-readable representation of information

A barcode or bar lawmaking is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form. Initially, barcodes represented information by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines. These barcodes, now unremarkably referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special optical scanners, called barcode readers, of which there are several types. After, two-dimensional (2D) variants were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other patterns, called matrix codes or 2d barcodes, although they do not employ bars every bit such. 2D barcodes tin be read using purpose-congenital second optical scanners, which be in a few different forms. 2D barcodes tin can also be read past a digital photographic camera continued to a microcomputer running software that takes a photographic image of the barcode and analyzes the image to deconstruct and decode the 2nd barcode. A mobile device with an inbuilt photographic camera, such equally smartphone, can office as the latter type of 2D barcode reader using specialized application software (The same sort of mobile device could as well read 1D barcodes, depending on the application software).

The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the U.s.a. in 1951.^[i] The invention was based on Morse lawmaking^[2] that was extended to thin and thick confined. Nonetheless, it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful. U.k. magazine 'Mod Railways' December 1962 pages 387-389 tape how British Railways had already perfected a barcode-reading system capable of correctly reading rolling stock travelling at 100 mph (160 km/h) with no mistakes only the organisation was abandoned when privatisation of the railways took place. An early on use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Developed by Full general Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automated Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the organisation of the colored stripes encoding data such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number.^[three] The plates were read by a trackside scanner, located for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard, while the car was moving by.^[four] The project was abandoned later about ten years considering the system proved unreliable afterwards long-term use.^[3]

Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. The Uniform Grocery Product Code Council had chosen, in 1973, the barcode design developed by George Laurer. Laurer's barcode, with vertical bars, printed amend than the circular barcode developed by Woodland and Silver.^[5] Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automated identification and data capture (AIDC). The commencement scanning of the now-ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974 at a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, using scanner produced by Photographic Sciences Corporation.^[6] ^[5] QR codes, a specific blazon of 2D barcode, have recently become very popular due to the growth in smartphone ownership.^[7]

Other systems accept made inroads in the AIDC market, simply the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, particularly before technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) became bachelor after 1995.

History [edit]

In 1948 Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.s. overheard the president of the local nutrient concatenation, Food Fair, asking one of the deans to research a organisation to automatically read product information during checkout.^[eight] Silver told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland nearly the request, and they started working on a diverseness of systems. Their get-go working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink faded likewise hands and was expensive.^[9]

Convinced that the organization was workable with farther development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his father'southward apartment in Florida, and continued working on the organization. His next inspiration came from Morse code, and he formed his commencement barcode from sand on the beach. "I just extended the dots and dashes downward and fabricated narrow lines and wide lines out of them."^[ix] To read them, he adapted applied science from optical soundtracks in movies, using a 500-watt incandescent calorie-free bulb shining through the newspaper onto an RCA935 photomultiplier tube (from a motion-picture show projector) on the far side. He later decided that the organisation would work improve if information technology were printed every bit a circle instead of a line, allowing information technology to be scanned in any direction.

On 20 October 1949, Woodland and Silver filed a patent application for "Classifying Appliance and Method", in which they described both the linear and bull'due south eye press patterns, as well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the lawmaking. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as United states of america Patent 2,612,994.^[one] In 1951, Woodland moved to IBM and continually tried to interest IBM in developing the organization. The company eventually commissioned a report on the idea, which concluded that it was both feasible and interesting, but that processing the resulting information would require equipment that was some fourth dimension off in the future.

IBM offered to buy the patent, but the offering was not accepted. Philco purchased the patent in 1962 and so sold information technology to RCA sometime afterward.^[9]

Collins at Sylvania [edit]

During his fourth dimension as an undergraduate, David Jarrett Collins worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became enlightened of the need to automatically identify railroad cars. Immediately later receiving his main'southward degree from MIT in 1959, he started work at GTE Sylvania and began addressing the problem. He adult a arrangement called KarTrak using blue and red cogitating stripes attached to the side of the cars, encoding a half dozen-digit company identifier and a four-digit automobile number.^[9] Light reflected off the colored stripes was read by photomultiplier vacuum tubes.^[10]

The Boston and Maine Railroad tested the KarTrak organisation on their gravel cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the Association of American Railroads (AAR) selected information technology as a standard, Automatic Car Identification, across the unabridged Due north American fleet. The installations began on 10 Oct 1967. Nevertheless, the economic downturn and rash of bankruptcies in the manufacture in the early 1970s greatly slowed the rollout, and it was not until 1974 that 95% of the fleet was labeled. To add to its woes, the system was found to be easily fooled by dirt in certain applications, which profoundly affected accuracy. The AAR abandoned the system in the late 1970s, and it was not until the mid-1980s that they introduced a like system, this fourth dimension based on radio tags.^[11]

The railway project had failed, but a price bridge in New Jersey requested a similar system then that information technology could quickly scan for cars that had purchased a monthly laissez passer. Then the U.S. Post Office requested a organisation to track trucks inbound and leaving their facilities. These applications required special retroreflector labels. Finally, Kal Kan asked the Sylvania team for a simpler (and cheaper) version which they could put on cases of pet food for inventory command.

Computer Identics Corporation [edit]

In 1967, with the railway organization maturing, Collins went to management looking for funding for a project to develop a black-and-white version of the code for other industries. They declined, saying that the railway project was large enough, and they saw no need to co-operative out so apace.

Collins and then quit Sylvania and formed the Computer Identics Corporation.^[nine] As its first innovations, Computer Identics moved from using incandescent light bulbs in its systems, replacing them with helium–neon lasers, and incorporated a mirror likewise, making it capable of locating a barcode up to several feet in forepart of the scanner. This made the unabridged process much simpler and more reliable, and typically enabled these devices to deal with damaged labels, besides, by recognizing and reading the intact portions.

Computer Identics Corporation installed 1 of its first two scanning systems in the spring of 1969 at a General Motors (Buick) factory in Flint, Michigan.^[9] The system was used to identify a dozen types of transmissions moving on an overhead conveyor from production to shipping. The other scanning system was installed at General Trading Company's distribution centre in Carlstadt, New Bailiwick of jersey to direct shipments to the proper loading bay.

Universal Product Lawmaking [edit]

In 1966, the National Clan of Food Chains (NAFC) held a meeting on the idea of automated checkout systems. RCA, who had purchased the rights to the original Woodland patent, attended the meeting and initiated an internal projection to develop a organization based on the bullseye code. The Kroger grocery chain volunteered to examination it.

In the mid-1970s, the NAFC established the Advertisement-Hoc Committee for U.South. Supermarkets on a Uniform Grocery-Product Code to set guidelines for barcode development. In add-on, it created a symbol-selection subcommittee to assist standardize the arroyo. In cooperation with consulting firm, McKinsey & Co., they developed a standardized eleven-digit lawmaking for identifying products. The committee then sent out a contract tender to develop a barcode system to print and read the code. The request went to Singer, National Cash Register (NCR), Litton Industries, RCA, Pitney-Bowes, IBM and many others.^[12] A wide variety of barcode approaches was studied, including linear codes, RCA's bullseye concentric circle code, starburst patterns and others.

In the spring of 1971, RCA demonstrated their bullseye lawmaking at some other industry meeting. IBM executives at the coming together noticed the crowds at the RCA booth and immediately developed their own organisation. IBM marketing specialist Alec Jablonover remembered that the visitor withal employed Woodland, and he^{[ who? ]} established a new facility in Raleigh-Durham Enquiry Triangle Park to pb development.

In July 1972, RCA began an xviii-month test in a Kroger store in Cincinnati. Barcodes were printed on small pieces of adhesive newspaper, and attached by hand by store employees when they were adding toll tags. The lawmaking proved to have a serious trouble; the printers would sometimes smear ink, rendering the code unreadable in nigh orientations. However, a linear lawmaking, similar the one being developed past Woodland at IBM, was printed in the direction of the stripes, so extra ink would but make the lawmaking "taller" while remaining readable. So on three Apr 1973, the IBM UPC was selected as the NAFC standard. IBM had designed v versions of UPC symbology for future industry requirements: UPC A, B, C, D, and Due east.^[13]

NCR installed a testbed system at Marsh's Supermarket in Troy, Ohio, near the factory that was producing the equipment. On 26 June 1974, Clyde Dawson pulled a ten-pack of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit gum out of his basket and information technology was scanned by Sharon Buchanan at 8:01 am. The pack of gum and the receipt are at present on display in the Smithsonian Establishment. It was the first commercial appearance of the UPC.^[14]

In 1971, an IBM squad was assembled for an intensive planning session, threshing out, 12 to 18 hours a twenty-four hours, how the technology would be deployed and operate cohesively across the organization, and scheduling a roll-out plan. By 1973, the team were meeting with grocery manufacturers to innovate the symbol that would demand to be printed on the packaging or labels of all of their products. There were no cost savings for a grocery to use it, unless at least 70% of the grocery's products had the barcode printed on the product by the manufacturer. IBM projected that 75% would exist needed in 1975. Yet, although this was achieved, in that location were still scanning machines in fewer than 200 grocery stores by 1977.^[15]

Economical studies conducted for the grocery manufacture committee projected over $xl million in savings to the manufacture from scanning by the mid-1970s. Those numbers were not accomplished in that time-frame and some predicted the demise of barcode scanning. The usefulness of the barcode required the adoption of expensive scanners by a critical mass of retailers while manufacturers simultaneously adopted barcode labels. Neither wanted to move first and results were non promising for the outset couple of years, with Business Week proclaiming "The Supermarket Scanner That Failed" in a 1976 commodity.^[14] ^[16]

On the other hand, experience with barcode scanning in those stores revealed additional benefits. The detailed sales information acquired by the new systems immune greater responsiveness to customer habits, needs and preferences. This was reflected in the fact that virtually five weeks later installing barcode scanners, sales in grocery stores typically started climbing and eventually leveled off at a 10–12% increase in sales that never dropped off. There was besides a 1–2% decrease in operating cost for those stores, and this enabled them to lower prices and thereby to increase market share. It was shown in the field that the return on investment for a barcode scanner was 41.5%. By 1980, viii,000 stores per twelvemonth were converting.^[15]

Sims Supermarkets were the first location in Australia to use barcodes, starting in 1979.^[17]

Industrial adoption [edit]

In 1981, the United States Department of Defense adopted the use of Code 39 for marking all products sold to the United states military. This system, Logistics Applications of Automated Marking and Reading Symbols (LOGMARS), is nonetheless used by DoD and is widely viewed as the catalyst for widespread adoption of barcoding in industrial uses.^[18]

Use [edit]

Barcode on a patient identification wristband

Barcodes are widely used effectually the globe in many contexts. In stores, UPC barcodes are pre-printed on nigh items other than fresh produce from a grocery store. This speeds up processing at check-outs and helps track items and as well reduces instances of shoplifting involving price tag swapping, although shoplifters tin now impress their own barcodes.^[19] Barcodes that encode a book'south ISBN are likewise widely pre-printed on books, journals and other printed materials. In improver, retail chain membership cards use barcodes to identify customers, allowing for customized marketing and greater understanding of individual consumer shopping patterns. At the point of sale, shoppers can get product discounts or special marketing offers through the address or e-mail address provided at registration.

Barcodes are widely used in the healthcare and hospital settings, ranging from patient identification (to access patient data, including medical history, drug allergies, etc.) to creating Soap Notes^[20] with barcodes to medication direction. They are also used to facilitate the separation and indexing of documents that have been imaged in batch scanning applications, rails the organization of species in biology,^[21] and integrate with in-motion checkweighers to identify the particular being weighed in a conveyor line for data collection.

They tin can also be used to go on track of objects and people; they are used to keep track of rental cars, airline baggage, nuclear waste, registered mail service, express mail and parcels. Barcoded tickets (which may be printed by the client on their home printer, or stored on their mobile device) allow the holder to enter sports arenas, cinemas, theatres, fairgrounds, and transportation, and are used to record the inflow and difference of vehicles from rental facilities etc. This tin can allow proprietors to identify duplicate or fraudulent tickets more than easily. Barcodes are widely used in shop floor control applications software where employees can scan work orders and rails the fourth dimension spent on a chore.

Barcodes are also used in some kinds of non-contact 1D and second position sensors. A series of barcodes are used in some kinds of accented 1D linear encoder. The barcodes are packed close plenty together that the reader e'er has 1 or ii barcodes in its field of view. Equally a kind of fiducial marking, the relative position of the barcode in the field of view of the reader gives incremental precise positioning, in some cases with sub-pixel resolution. The data decoded from the barcode gives the accented coarse position. An "accost carpet", such every bit Howell'due south binary pattern and the Anoto dot pattern, is a 2D barcode designed so that a reader, even though merely a tiny portion of the complete carpet is in the field of view of the reader, tin can find its absolute X,Y position and rotation in the carpeting.^[22] ^[23]

2nd barcodes can embed a hyperlink to a web page. A mobile device with an inbuilt camera might exist used to read the design and browse the linked website, which can help a shopper discover the best price for an detail in the vicinity. Since 2005, airlines use an IATA-standard 2D barcode on boarding passes (Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP)), and since 2008 2d barcodes sent to mobile phones enable electronic boarding passes.^[24]

Some applications for barcodes have fallen out of apply. In the 1970s and 1980s, software source code was occasionally encoded in a barcode and printed on paper (Cauzin Softstrip and Paperbyte^[25] are barcode symbologies specifically designed for this awarding), and the 1991 Barcode Battler computer game system used whatever standard barcode to generate combat statistics.

Artists accept used barcodes in art, such as Scott Blake's Barcode Jesus, as office of the mail-modernism movement.

Symbologies [edit]

The mapping between messages and barcodes is called a symbology. The specification of a symbology includes the encoding of the message into bars and spaces, any required kickoff and stop markers, the size of the placidity zone required to exist before and later the barcode, and the computation of a checksum.

Linear symbologies tin can exist classified mainly by two properties:

Continuous vs. discrete

Characters in discrete symbologies are equanimous of n bars and n − 1 spaces. There is an additional space between characters, but it does not convey information, and may have any width as long as it is non confused with the finish of the code.
Characters in continuous symbologies are equanimous of north bars and n spaces, and usually abut, with i character ending with a space and the next beginning with a bar, or vice versa. A special cease blueprint that has bars on both ends is required to cease the lawmaking.

Two-width vs. many-width

A two-width, also called a binary bar lawmaking, contains bars and spaces of two widths, "wide" and "narrow". The precise width of the wide bars and spaces is not critical; typically it is permitted to exist anywhere between 2 and 3 times the width of the narrow equivalents.
Another symbologies apply bars of ii different heights (POSTNET), or the presence or absenteeism of bars (CPC Binary Barcode). These are normally also considered binary bar codes.
Bars and spaces in many-width symbologies are all multiples of a basic width called the module; virtually such codes use four widths of ane, ii, 3 and iv modules.

Some symbologies use interleaving. The get-go grapheme is encoded using black bars of varying width. The 2d graphic symbol is then encoded by varying the width of the white spaces between these bars. Thus characters are encoded in pairs over the same section of the barcode. Interleaved 2 of 5 is an example of this.

Stacked symbologies repeat a given linear symbology vertically.

The most common among the many second symbologies are matrix codes, which feature square or dot-shaped modules arranged on a grid design. 2D symbologies besides come in circular and other patterns and may utilise steganography, hiding modules within an paradigm (for example, DataGlyphs).

Linear symbologies are optimized for laser scanners, which sweep a light beam beyond the barcode in a direct line, reading a slice of the barcode light-dark patterns. Scanning at an angle makes the modules announced wider, merely does not modify the width ratios. Stacked symbologies are also optimized for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation scanning, with the laser making multiple passes across the barcode.

In the 1990s development of accuse-coupled device (CCD) imagers to read barcodes was pioneered by Welch Allyn. Imaging does not crave moving parts, as a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation scanner does. In 2007, linear imaging had begun to supersede laser scanning as the preferred scan engine for its performance and durability.

2nd symbologies cannot be read by a laser, as there is typically no sweep design that can encompass the unabridged symbol. They must be scanned by an paradigm-based scanner employing a CCD or other digital photographic camera sensor applied science.

Barcode readers [edit]

GTIN barcodes on Coca-Cola bottles. The images at right prove how the laser of barcode readers "encounter" the images behind a cerise filter.

The earliest, and still the cheapest, barcode scanners are built from a fixed calorie-free and a unmarried photosensor that is manually moved across the barcode. Barcode scanners can be classified into three categories based on their connection to the computer. The older type is the RS-232 barcode scanner. This type requires special programming for transferring the input data to the application programme. Keyboard interface scanners connect to a computer using a PS/2 or AT keyboard–compatible adaptor cable (a "keyboard wedge"). The barcode'due south information is sent to the calculator as if it had been typed on the keyboard.

Like the keyboard interface scanner, USB scanners do non demand custom code for transferring input data to the application program. On PCs running Windows the human interface device emulates the data merging activeness of a hardware "keyboard wedge", and the scanner automatically behaves similar an additional keyboard.

About modern smartphones are able to decode barcode using their built-in camera. Google'south mobile Android operating system tin use their own Google Lens application to scan QR codes, or third-party apps like Barcode Scanner to read both one-dimensional barcodes and QR codes. Nokia's Symbian operating system featured a barcode scanner,^[26] while mbarcode^[27] is a QR lawmaking reader for the Maemo operating system. In Apple tree iOS 11, the native camera app can decode QR codes and can link to URLs, join wireless networks, or perform other operations depending on the QR Code contents.^[28] Other paid and free apps are bachelor with scanning capabilities for other symbologies or for earlier iOS versions.^[29] With BlackBerry devices, the App Earth application can natively scan barcodes and load any recognized Web URLs on the device'south Web browser. Windows Phone 7.five is able to scan barcodes through the Bing search app. However, these devices are non designed specifically for the capturing of barcodes. As a effect, they practise not decode nigh as rapidly or accurately as a dedicated barcode scanner or portable data concluding.^{[ citation needed ]}

Quality control and verification [edit]

It is mutual for producers and users of bar codes to have a quality direction system which includes verification and validation of bar codes.^[30] Barcode verification examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to manufacture standards and specifications.^[31] Barcode verifiers are primarily used past businesses that impress and use barcodes. Any trading partner in the supply concatenation tin examination barcode quality. Information technology is of import to verify a barcode to ensure that any reader in the supply chain can successfully interpret a barcode with a low error rate. Retailers levy large penalties for non-compliant barcodes. These chargebacks tin reduce a manufacturer's revenue by two% to 10%.^[32]

A barcode verifier works the way a reader does, just instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verifier performs a series of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:

Edge contrast (EC)^[33]
- The divergence betwixt the space reflectance (Rs) and adjoining bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb
Minimum bar reflectance (Rb)^[33]
- The smallest reflectance value in a bar.
Minimum space reflectance (Rs)^[33]
- The smallest reflectance value in a space.
Symbol contrast (SC)^[33]
- Symbol Dissimilarity is the difference in reflectance values of the lightest space (including the quiet zone) and the darkest bar of the symbol. The greater the difference, the higher the grade. The parameter is graded as either A, B, C, D, or F. SC=Rmax-Rmin
Minimum edge contrast (ECmin)^[33]
- The difference betwixt the space reflectance (Rs) and adjoining bar reflectance (Rb). EC=Rs-Rb
Modulation (MOD)^[33]
- The parameter is graded either A, B, C, D, or F. This course is based on the relationship between minimum edge contrast (ECmin) and symbol contrast (SC). MOD=ECmin/SC The greater the difference between minimum edge dissimilarity and symbol contrast, the lower the course. Scanners and verifiers perceive the narrower bars and spaces to have less intensity than wider bars and spaces; the comparison of the lesser intensity of narrow elements to the broad elements is called modulation. This status is affected by discontinuity size.
Inter-character gap^[33]
- In discrete barcodes, the infinite that disconnects the two contiguous characters. When present, inter-graphic symbol gaps are considered spaces (elements) for purposes of edge decision and reflectance parameter grades.
Defects
Decode^[33]
- Extracting the information which has been encoded in a bar lawmaking symbol.
Decodability^[33]
- Can exist graded every bit A, B, C, D, or F. The Decodability grade indicates the amount of error in the width of the about deviant element in the symbol. The less deviation in the symbology, the higher the grade. Decodability is a measure of print accurateness using the symbology reference decode algorithm.

2nd matrix symbols look at the parameters:

Symbol contrast^[33]
Modulation^[33]
Decode^[33]
Unused error correction
Stock-still (finder) blueprint harm
Filigree not-uniformity
Axial non-uniformity^[34]

Depending on the parameter, each ANSI exam is graded from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or fail mark. Each grade is determined past analyzing the scan reflectance profile (SRP), an analog graph of a single browse line across the unabridged symbol. The lowest of the viii grades is the browse form, and the overall ISO symbol course is the average of the individual scan grades. For most applications a two.5 (C) is the minimal adequate symbol class.^[35]

Compared with a reader, a verifier measures a barcode'due south optical characteristics to international and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consequent. Doing so requires constant conditions such every bit distance, illumination angle, sensor angle and verifier aperture. Based on the verification results, the production process tin can be adjusted to impress higher quality barcodes that will scan down the supply chain.

Bar code validation may include evaluations after employ (and corruption) testing such as sunlight, chafe, touch on, wet, etc.^[36]

Barcode verifier standards [edit]

Barcode verifier standards are defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), in ISO/IEC 15426-1 (linear) or ISO/IEC 15426-2 (2nd).^{[ citation needed ]} The current international barcode quality specification is ISO/IEC 15416 (linear) and ISO/IEC 15415 (2D).^{[ citation needed ]} The European Standard EN 1635 has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO/IEC 15416. The original U.S. barcode quality specification was ANSI X3.182. (UPCs used in the U.s.a. – ANSI/UCC5).^{[ citation needed ]} Equally of 2011 the ISO workgroup JTC1 SC31 was developing a Directly Office Marking (DPM) quality standard: ISO/IEC TR 29158.^[37]

Benefits [edit]

In point-of-sale management, barcode systems can provide detailed up-to-date information on the business organization, accelerating decisions and with more confidence. For case:

Fast-selling items can exist identified quickly and automatically reordered.
Slow-selling items can exist identified, preventing inventory build-upward.
The furnishings of merchandising changes can be monitored, assuasive fast-moving, more profitable items to occupy the best infinite.
Historical data can be used to predict seasonal fluctuations very accurately.
Items may be repriced on the shelf to reverberate both sale prices and price increases.
This technology also enables the profiling of private consumers, typically through a voluntary registration of discount cards. While pitched as a benefit to the consumer, this practice is considered to be potentially dangerous by privacy advocates.^{[ which? ]}

As well sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in logistics and supply chain management.

When a manufacturer packs a box for shipment, a Unique Identifying Number (UID) can exist assigned to the box.
A database tin link the UID to relevant information virtually the box; such equally lodge number, items packed, quantity packed, destination, etc.
The information tin can be transmitted through a communication system such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and so the retailer has the information about a shipment earlier it arrives.
Shipments that are sent to a Distribution Center (DC) are tracked before forwarding. When the shipment reaches its concluding destination, the UID gets scanned, so the store knows the shipment's source, contents, and cost.

Barcode scanners are relatively depression price and extremely accurate compared to fundamental-entry, with merely nigh i substitution fault in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered.^[38] ^{[ unreliable source? ]} The exact error rate depends on the blazon of barcode.

Types of barcodes [edit]

Linear barcodes [edit]

A showtime generation, "i dimensional" barcode that is made upwards of lines and spaces of diverse widths that create specific patterns.

Symbology	Continuous or detached	Bar widths	Uses
Australia Post barcode	Discrete	iv bar heights	An Commonwealth of australia Postal service barcode as used on a business organisation reply paid envelope and applied by automated sorting machines to other post when initially candy in fluorescent ink .
Codabar	Discrete	Two	Old format used in libraries and blood banks and on airbills (out of date, only still widely used in libraries)
Lawmaking 25 – Non-interleaved two of five	Continuous	Two	Industrial
Code 25 – Interleaved 2 of 5	Continuous	Two	Wholesale, libraries International standard ISO/IEC 16390
Code 11	Discrete	Two	Telephones (out of date)
Farmacode or Code 32	Discrete	2	Italian pharmacode – employ Code 39 (no international standard available)
Lawmaking 39	Detached	Two	Various – international standard ISO/IEC 16388
Lawmaking 49	Continuous	Many	Various
Code 93	Continuous	Many	Various
Code 128	Continuous	Many	Various – International Standard ISO/IEC 15417
CPC Binary	Discrete	Two
DX moving picture border barcode	Neither	Alpine/short	Color print film
EAN 2	Continuous	Many	Addon code (magazines), GS1-approved – non an own symbology – to be used only with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420
EAN v	Continuous	Many	Addon code (books), GS1-approved – not an own symbology – to exist used but with an EAN/UPC according to ISO/IEC 15420
EAN-viii, EAN-13	Continuous	Many	Worldwide retail, GS1-approved – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420
Facing Identification Mark	Detached	Two	USPS business answer mail
GS1-128 (formerly named UCC/EAN-128), incorrectly referenced as EAN 128 and UCC 128	Continuous	Many	Various, GS1-approved – just an application of the Code 128 (ISO/IEC 15417) using the ANS MH10.8.ii AI Datastructures. It is not a separate symbology.
GS1 DataBar, formerly Reduced Space Symbology (RSS)	Continuous	Many	Diverse, GS1-canonical
Intelligent Mail barcode	Detached	four bar heights	United States Postal Service, replaces both POSTNET and PLANET symbols (formerly named OneCode)
ITF-14	Continuous	Ii	Non-retail packaging levels, GS1-approved – is but an Interleaved 2/5 Code (ISO/IEC 16390) with a few additional specifications, according to the GS1 General Specifications
ITF-half-dozen	Continuous	2	Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode to encode an addon to ITF-xiv and ITF-16 barcodes. The lawmaking is used to encode additional data such equally items quantity or container weight
JAN	Continuous	Many	Used in Japan, like to and uniform with EAN-13 (ISO/IEC 15420)
Japan Post barcode	Discrete	4 bar heights	Japan Post
KarTrak ACI	Discrete	Coloured confined	Used in Northward America on railroad rolling equipment
MSI	Continuous	Ii	Used for warehouse shelves and inventory
Pharmacode	Discrete	Two	Pharmaceutical packaging (no international standard bachelor)
PLANET	Continuous	Tall/brusque	The states Postal Service (no international standard available)
Plessey	Continuous	Two	Catalogs, store shelves, inventory (no international standard available)
PostBar	Detached	4 bar heights	Canadian Postal service office
POSTNET	Discrete	Tall/short	United States Postal Service (no international standard available)
RM4SCC / KIX	Discrete	4 bar heights	Regal Mail / PostNL
RM Mailmark C	Discrete	4 bar heights	Royal Postal service
RM Mailmark L	Detached	4 bar heights	Royal Mail
Telepen	Continuous	Ii	Libraries (Uk)
Universal Product Code (UPC-A and UPC-E)	Continuous	Many	Worldwide retail, GS1-canonical – International Standard ISO/IEC 15420

Matrix (2D) barcodes [edit]

A matrix code, also termed a second barcode or simply a 2D code, is a two-dimensional way to represent information. It is similar to a linear (1-dimensional) barcode, but tin can represent more information per unit area.

Example	Proper name	Notes
	AR Code	A blazon of marker used for placing content inside augmented reality applications. Some AR Codes can contain QR codes inside, and so that AR content can be linked to.^[39] See too ARTag.
	Aztec Code	Designed by Andrew Longacre at Welch Allyn (now Honeywell Scanning and Mobility). Public domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 24778
	bCode	A barcode designed for the study of insect beliefs.^[40] Encodes an 11 bit identifier and xvi bits of read error detection and error correction information. Predominately used for marking beloved bees, just can also be applied to other animals.
	BEEtag	A 25 bit (5x5) code matrix of black and white pixels that is unique to each tag surrounded by a white pixel border and a blackness pixel border. The 25-bit matrix consists of a 15-scrap identity code, and a 10-scrap error check.^[41] Information technology is designed to be a low-cost, image-based tracking organization for the study of animal behavior and locomotion.
	BeeTagg	A 2D barcode with honeycomb structures suitable for mobile tagging and was adult by the Swiss company connvision AG.
	Bokode	A type of information tag which holds much more information than a barcode over the same expanse. They were developed by a squad led by Ramesh Raskar at the MIT Media Lab. The bokode pattern is a tiled series of Information Matrix codes.
	Boxing	A high-capacity 2nd barcode is used on piqlFilm by Piql AS^[42]
	Lawmaking one	Public domain. Lawmaking i is currently used in the wellness intendance industry for medicine labels and the recycling industry to encode container content for sorting.^[43]
	Lawmaking 16K	The Code 16K (1988) is a multi-row bar code developed by Ted Williams at Laserlight Systems (USA) in 1992. In the US and French republic, the code is used in the electronics manufacture to place chips and printed excursion boards. Medical applications in the USA are well known. Williams also developed Code 128, and the construction of 16K is based on Code 128. Not coincidentally, 128 squared happened to equal 16,000 or 16K for short. Code 16K resolved an inherent trouble with Code 49. Lawmaking 49's construction requires a big amount of memory for encoding and decoding tables and algorithms. 16K is a stacked symbology.^[44] ^[45]
	ColorCode	ColorZip^[46] developed colour barcodes that tin be read by camera phones from TV screens; mainly used in Korea.^[47]
	Colour Construct Code	Color Construct Code is 1 of the few barcode symbologies designed to take reward of multiple colors.^[48] ^[49]
	Cronto Visual Cryptogram	The Cronto Visual Cryptogram (also called photoTAN) is a specialized color barcode, spun out from research at the University of Cambridge past Igor Drokov, Steven Murdoch, and Elena Punskaya.^[50] It is used for transaction signing in due east-banking; the barcode contains encrypted transaction data which is then used as a challenge to compute a transaction hallmark number using a security token.^[51]
	CyberCode	From Sony.
	d-touch	readable when printed on deformable gloves and stretched and distorted^[52] ^[53]
	DataGlyphs	From Palo Alto Inquiry Heart (also termed Xerox PARC).^[54] Patented.^[55] DataGlyphs can be embedded into a half-tone image or background shading design in a way that is almost perceptually invisible, similar to steganography.^[56] ^[57]
	Data Matrix	From Microscan Systems, formerly RVSI Acuity CiMatrix/Siemens. Public domain. Increasingly used throughout the United States. Single segment Data Matrix is too termed Semacode. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 16022.
	Datastrip Code	From Datastrip, Inc.
	Digimarc Barcode	The Digimarc Barcode is a unique identifier, or code, based on imperceptible patterns that can exist applied to marketing materials, including packaging, displays, ads in magazines, circulars, radio and television^[58]
	digital paper	patterned paper used in conjunction with a digital pen to create handwritten digital documents. The printed dot design uniquely identifies the position coordinates on the newspaper.
	DotCode	Standardized as AIM Dotcode Rev three.0. Public domain. Used to track individual cigarette and pharmaceutical packages.
	Dot Code A	Also known as Philips Dot Lawmaking.^[59] Patented in 1988.^[60]
	DWCode	Introduced by GS1 US and GS1 Germany, the DWCode is a unique, ephemeral data carrier that is repeated across the entire graphics design of a parcel^[61]
	EZcode	Designed for decoding by cameraphones;^[62] from ScanLife.^[63]
	Han Xin Barcode	Barcode designed to encode Chinese characters introduced past Association for Automated Identification and Mobility in 2011.
	High Capacity Color Barcode	HCCB was adult by Microsoft; licensed by ISAN-IA.
	HueCode	From Robot Design Associates. Uses greyscale or colour.^[64]
	InterCode	From Iconlab, Inc. The standard 2D barcode in South Korea. All 3 South Korean mobile carriers put the scanner program of this code into their handsets to access mobile internet, as a default embedded program.
	JAB Code	Just Another Bar Code is a colored 2D barcode. Square or rectangle. License gratis
	MaxiCode	Used past United Parcel Service. At present public domain.
	mCode	Designed past NextCode Corporation, specifically to work with mobile phones and mobile services.^[65] It is implementing an contained error detection technique preventing imitation decoding, it uses a variable-size error correction polynomial, which depends on the verbal size of the code.^[66]
	MMCC	Designed to disseminate high chapters mobile phone content via existing color print and electronic media, without the need for network connectivity
	NexCode	NexCode is adult and patented by S5 Systems.
	Nintendo east-Reader#Dot code	Developed by Olympus Corporation to store songs, images, and mini-games for Game Male child Advance on Pokémon trading cards.
	PDF417	Originated by Symbol Technologies. Public domain. – International standard: ISO/IEC 15438
	Qode	American proprietary and patented 2nd barcode from NeoMedia Technologies, Inc.^[63]
	QR code	Initially developed, patented and owned past Denso Wave for automotive components management; they have called not to exercise their patent rights. Can encode Latin and Japanese Kanji and Kana characters, music, images, URLs, emails. De facto standard for Japanese cell phones. Used with BlackBerry Messenger to choice upwardly contacts rather than using a PIN code. The most frequently used type of lawmaking to scan with smartphones, and one of the most widely used second barcodes.^[67] Public Domain. – International Standard: ISO/IEC 18004
	Screencode	Developed and patented^[68] ^[69] by Hewlett-Packard Labs. A fourth dimension-varying 2D design using to encode information via effulgence fluctuations in an paradigm, for the purpose of high bandwidth information transfer from computer displays to smartphones via smartphone camera input. Inventors Timothy Kindberg and John Collomosse, publicly disclosed at ACM HotMobile 2008.^[70]
	ShotCode	Circular barcodes for camera phones. Originally from Loftier Energy Magic Ltd in name Spotcode. Before that almost likely termed TRIPCode.
	Snapcode, also called Boo-R code	used by Snapchat, Spectacles, etc. US9111164B1^[71] ^[72] ^[73]
	Snowflake Code	A proprietary lawmaking developed by Electronic Automation Ltd. in 1981. It is possible to encode more than 100 numeric digits in a space of only 5mm 10 5mm. User selectable error correction allows up to 40% of the code to be destroyed and still remain readable. The code is used in the pharmaceutical industry and has an reward that it tin be applied to products and materials in a broad diverseness of means, including printed labels, ink-jet printing, light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation-etching, indenting or hole punching.^[44] ^[74] ^[75]
	SPARQCode	QR code encoding standard from MSKYNET, Inc.
	Trillcode	Designed for mobile telephone scanning.^[76] Adult by Lark Computer, a Romanian company.^[66]
	VOICEYE	Developed and patented by VOICEYE, Inc. in Southward Korea, it aims to allow blind and visually impaired people to access printed data. It besides claims to be the 2d barcode that has the world'due south largest storage capacity.

Case images [edit]

First, Second and Third Generation Barcodes
GTIN-12 number encoded in UPC-A barcode symbol. First and last digit are always placed outside the symbol to indicate Quiet Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly
EAN-thirteen (GTIN-13) number encoded in EAN-13 barcode symbol. Beginning digit is e'er placed outside the symbol, additionally right repose zone indicator (>) is used to indicate Tranquillity Zones that are necessary for barcode scanners to work properly
An example of a stacked barcode. Specifically a "Codablock" barcode.
"This is an example Aztec symbol for Wikipedia" encoded in Aztec Code
Text 'EZcode'
"Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia" in several languages encoded in DataGlyphs
Two unlike 2D barcodes used in film: Dolby Digital betwixt the sprocket holes with the "Double-D" logo in the middle, and Sony Dynamic Digital Sound in the blue area to the left of the sprocket holes
The QR Lawmaking for the Wikipedia URL. "Quick Response", the most pop second barcode. It is open up in that the specification is disclosed and the patent is not exercised.^[77]
MaxiCode example. This encodes the string "Wikipedia, The Costless Encyclopedia"
item of Twibright Optar scan from light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation printed paper, carrying 32 kbit/southward Ogg Vorbis digital music (48 seconds per A4 page)

In popular culture [edit]

In compages, a building in Lingang New City by German architects Gerkan, Marg and Partners incorporates a barcode design,^[78] as does a shopping mall called Shtrikh-kod (Russian for barcode) in Narodnaya ulitsa ("People'due south Street") in the Nevskiy district of St. Petersburg, Russia.^[79]

In media, in 2011, the National Film Lath of Canada and ARTE French republic launched a web documentary entitled Barcode.television receiver, which allows users to view films nearly everyday objects by scanning the product'south barcode with their iPhone photographic camera.^[80] ^[81]

In professional person wrestling, the WWE stable D-Generation 10 incorporated a barcode into their entrance video, too equally on a T-shirt.^[82] ^[83]

In the Tv set serial Dark Affections, the protagonist and the other transgenics in the Manticore 10-series take barcodes on the dorsum of their necks.

In video games, the protagonist of the Hitman video game series has a barcode tattoo on the back of his head. As well, QR codes can exist scanned for an extra mission on Sentinel Dogs.

In the films Back to the Futurity Part II and The Handmaid'southward Tale, cars in the futurity are depicted with barcode licence plates.

In the Terminator films, Skynet burns barcodes onto the inside surface of the wrists of captive humans (in a like location to the WW2 concentration camp tattoos) as a unique identifier.

In music, Dave Davies of The Kinks released a solo anthology in 1980, AFL1-3603, which featured a giant barcode on the front cover in identify of the musician'due south head. The anthology'southward name was besides the barcode number.

The April 1978 issue of Mad Magazine featured a giant barcode on the cover, with the blurb "[Mad] Hopes this issue jams up every computer in the country...for forcing united states of america to deface our covers with this yecchy UPC symbol from now on!"

The 2018 videogame Judgment features QR Codes that protagonist Takayuki Yagami can photograph with his phone camera. These are more often than not to unlock parts for Yagami's Drone.^[84]

Interactive Textbooks were first published past Harcourt College Publishers to Aggrandize Education Technology with Interactive Textbooks. ^[85]

Designed barcodes [edit]

Some brands integrate custom designs into barcodes (while keeping them readable) on their consumer products.

Hoaxes nigh barcodes [edit]

At that place was minor skepticism from conspiracy theorists, who considered barcodes to be an intrusive surveillance technology, and from some Christians, pioneered by a 1982 book The New Money System 666 by Mary Stewart Relfe, who thought the codes hid the number 666, representing the "Number of the Fauna".^[86] Old Believers, a separation of the Russian Orthodox Church, believe barcodes are the stamp of the Antichrist.^[87] Television host Phil Donahue described barcodes as a "corporate plot confronting consumers".^[88]

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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Barcode.

Barcode at Curlie
Barcode Glossary of Terms
Pros and cons and relative popularity of different 1D and 2D barcode codes.
Barcodes comparison chart, limits of each barcode blazon.

sextonquelly.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode